Apelin-36, human

Product Name: Apelin-36, human

Sequence One Letter Code: LVQPRGSRNGPGPWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF

Sequence Three Letter Code: H-Leu-Val-Gln-Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser-Arg-Asn-Gly-Pro-Gly-Pro-Trp-Gln-Gly-Gly-Arg-Arg-Lys-Phe-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe-OH

Cas No: 252642-12-9

Chemical Formula:C184H297N69O43S

Molecular Weight: 4196.1

Purity: 95%

Form: Lyophilized

Storage Conditions: - 20 °C

Research Area: Cardiovascular Disease Research

SMILES: CC(C)C[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)NCC(=O)N3CCC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@@H](CC4=CNC5=CC=CC=C54)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC6=CC=CC=C6)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N7CCC[C@H]7C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC8=CN=CN8)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)N9CCC[C@H]9C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)O)N

IUPAC: (2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid

INCHIKEY: IRSHPNNQNFBJMK-ZWVJBCNTSA-N

INCHI:

InChI=1S/C184H297N69O43S/c1-98(2)80-106(187)147(266)247-146(100(5)6)172(291)239-120(58-61-138(190)258)174(293)252-77-32-53-133(252)169(288)235-109(42-20-65-209-177(192)193)148(267)220-91-142(262)226-128(95-254)164(283)232-115(47-25-70-214-182(202)203)157(276)243-126(86-139(191)259)151(270)222-93-143(263)248-73-28-50-130(248)166(285)223-94-145(265)250-75-30-52-132(250)168(287)244-124(84-103-87-217-107-39-15-14-38-105(103)107)162(281)233-117(56-59-136(188)256)150(269)219-89-140(260)218-90-141(261)225-110(43-21-66-210-178(194)195)152(271)229-112(44-22-67-211-179(196)197)153(272)228-111(41-17-19-64-186)156(275)241-123(82-101-34-10-8-11-35-101)161(280)231-114(46-24-69-213-181(200)201)154(273)230-113(45-23-68-212-180(198)199)155(274)234-118(57-60-137(189)257)159(278)237-119(49-27-72-216-184(206)207)173(292)251-76-31-54-134(251)170(289)236-116(48-26-71-215-183(204)205)158(277)240-122(81-99(3)4)160(279)246-129(96-255)165(284)242-125(85-104-88-208-97-224-104)163(282)227-108(40-16-18-63-185)149(268)221-92-144(264)249-74-29-51-131(249)167(286)238-121(62-79-297-7)175(294)253-78-33-55-135(253)171(290)245-127(176(295)296)83-102-36-12-9-13-37-102/h8-15,34-39,87-88,97-100,106,108-135,146,217,254-255H,16-33,40-86,89-96,185-187H2,1-7H3,(H2,188,256)(H2,189,257)(H2,190,258)(H2,191,259)(H,208,224)(H,218,260)(H,219,269)(H,220,267)(H,221,268)(H,222,270)(H,223,285)(H,225,261)(H,226,262)(H,227,282)(H,228,272)(H,229,271)(H,230,273)(H,231,280)(H,232,283)(H,233,281)(H,234,274)(H,235,288)(H,236,289)(H,237,278)(H,238,286)(H,239,291)(H,240,277)(H,241,275)(H,242,284)(H,243,276)(H,244,287)(H,245,290)(H,246,279)(H,247,266)(H,295,296)(H4,192,193,209)(H4,194,195,210)(H4,196,197,211)(H4,198,199,212)(H4,200,201,213)(H4,202,203,214)(H4,204,205,215)(H4,206,207,216)/t106-,108-,109-,110-,111-,112-,113-,114-,115-,116-,117-,118-,119-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,146-/m0/s1

Source / Species: human, mouse, bovine, rat

Conjugation: Unconjugated

Code Nacres: NA.26

Application: Apelin-36, human is a 36–amino acid bioactive fragment derived from the C-terminal region of the apelin precursor protein. It functions as an endogenous ligand for the G protein–coupled APJ receptor, activating signaling pathways that regulate cardiovascular tone, fluid balance, and metabolic processes. Among the processed apelin isoforms, apelin-36 exhibits high receptor affinity and distinct biological activity profiles. In addition to its roles in cardiovascular physiology and energy metabolism, apelin-36 has been reported to inhibit infection of APJ-expressing cells by certain HIV-1 strains. This peptide is widely used in cardiovascular, metabolic, and virology research to investigate APJ receptor pharmacology, intracellular signaling cascades, and apelin-mediated regulatory mechanisms.

Current Research: Apelin-36, human is a 36–amino acid bioactive peptide derived from the C-terminal region of the preproapelin precursor protein. It functions as an endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ), a class A G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) structurally related to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Apelin-36 represents one of several processed isoforms of apelin and exhibits high receptor affinity with a distinct signaling and functional profile compared to shorter fragments such as apelin-13 or apelin-17. Apelin–APJ Receptor Signaling Binding of apelin-36 to APJ activates intracellular signaling pathways primarily through G_i/o protein coupling. This interaction inhibits adenylate cyclase activity, modulates cAMP levels, and triggers downstream cascades including ERK1/2 MAP kinase activation, PI3K/Akt signaling, and intracellular calcium mobilization. APJ signaling can also recruit β-arrestins, contributing to receptor internalization and signal modulation. The signaling profile of apelin-36 differs quantitatively and temporally from shorter apelin peptides, with reports indicating slower receptor internalization and sustained signaling responses in certain cell systems. Cardiovascular Regulation Apelin-36 plays a significant role in cardiovascular physiology. Activation of APJ in vascular endothelial cells stimulates nitric oxide production, promoting vasodilation and contributing to blood pressure regulation. In cardiac tissue, apelin signaling enhances myocardial contractility and influences cardiac remodeling processes. Experimental applications in cardiovascular research include: Vascular reactivity assays Cardiac contractility studies Endothelial nitric oxide signaling analysis Models of heart failure and hypertension Because APJ signaling counterbalances certain components of the renin–angiotensin system, apelin-36 is frequently studied in the context of cardiovascular homeostasis. Fluid Balance and Neuroendocrine Effects Apelin and its receptor are expressed in the central nervous system, particularly in hypothalamic nuclei involved in fluid balance and vasopressin regulation. Apelin-36 influences water intake, vasopressin secretion, and neuroendocrine control of fluid homeostasis. Its central actions make it relevant for studies examining neurogenic blood pressure control and hormone-mediated regulation of hydration status. Metabolic Functions Apelin signaling contributes to metabolic regulation, including glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and adipose tissue function. In metabolic research, apelin-36 is used to investigate: Glucose uptake pathways Insulin signaling modulation Adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism Energy balance mechanisms Differential activity among apelin isoforms supports comparative studies of receptor pharmacology and downstream metabolic effects. Antiviral and HIV-Related Research Apelin-36 has been reported to inhibit infection of APJ-expressing cells by certain HIV-1 strains. Because APJ can function as a co-receptor for specific viral isolates, apelin binding may competitively interfere with viral entry. This property has stimulated interest in apelin peptides within virology research aimed at understanding receptor usage and viral tropism. Applications in Research Apelin-36, human is widely used in: APJ receptor pharmacology studies Intracellular signaling pathway analysis Cardiovascular and vascular biology models Metabolic regulation research Viral entry and receptor competition assays Its full-length 36–residue structure provides a valuable tool for examining isoform-specific receptor dynamics and signal bias. Experimental Advantages High-affinity endogenous APJ ligand Distinct signaling profile relative to shorter apelin fragments Suitable for in vitro and in vivo experimental models Applicable across cardiovascular, metabolic, and virological research domains Research Significance Apelin-36, human is a key reagent for investigating APJ receptor–mediated signaling and the physiological roles of the apelinergic system. By influencing cardiovascular tone, neuroendocrine regulation, metabolic pathways, and receptor interactions relevant to viral entry, it supports comprehensive mechanistic studies across multiple fields of biomedical research.