Left vs. Right Brain: How Neuropeptides Shape Asymmetric Neural Circuits For decades, neuroscientists have recognized that the left and right hemispheres of the brain perform specialized functions. Language is generally associated with the left hemisphere, while emotional processing and spatial awareness often rely more heavily on the right. However, one fundamental question has remained unanswered: […]
Abstract Therapeutic peptides have emerged as one of the fastest-growing classes of modern pharmaceuticals, bridging the gap between traditional small-molecule drugs and large biologics. Their exceptional target specificity, potent biological activity, and generally favorable safety profiles have led to increasing applications in metabolic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, and neurological illnesses. However, […]
Abstract Peptide–drug conjugates (PDCs) are emerging as a flexible platform for targeted drug delivery in hematological malignancies. A typical PDC combines a targeting or cell-penetrating peptide with a linker and a pharmacologically active payload. This modular architecture allows researchers to optimize target recognition, intracellular transport, circulatory stability, and payload release independently. PDCs may offer advantages […]
Abstract Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) are an emerging class of targeted therapeutic systems designed to improve the delivery of cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells while reducing off-target toxicity. A PDC typically consists of three core components: a tumor-targeting peptide, a cytotoxic payload, and a chemical linker that connects them. Among these components, the linker plays a […]
Abstract Peptide linkers are essential structural elements that connect protein domains and regulate their movement, orientation, spacing, and functional cooperation. In multidomain proteins, linkers can behave as flexible hinges that permit large conformational rearrangements, or as rigid molecular rulers that maintain defined distances between functional modules. The review by Wriggers, Chakravarty, and Jennings highlights how […]
Amino acids are no longer viewed solely as protein building blocks; they are now recognized as central regulators of cellular metabolism, energy production, epigenetic control, and signaling networks. This article reviews amino acid metabolism with emphasis on biosynthesis, degradation, and functional integration with the TCA cycle, urea cycle, and neurotransmitter pathways. Based on recent advances […]
Abstract Peptide therapeutics have become one of the most important and rapidly expanding classes of modern biopharmaceuticals. Their high target specificity, strong biological activity, and relatively low toxicity make them attractive candidates for treating metabolic, oncologic, infectious, and cardiovascular diseases. However, their clinical success is fundamentally constrained by significant pharmacokinetic limitations, including enzymatic instability, rapid […]
Therapeutic peptides have emerged as one of the most dynamic and rapidly expanding classes of modern medicines. Positioned at the intersection of small-molecule drugs and large biologics, peptides offer a unique combination of high target specificity, strong biological activity, and improved safety profiles. Over the past several decades, their development has accelerated dramatically, moving from […]
Red meat has traditionally been classified as a protein-rich dietary component; however, modern nutritional science increasingly recognizes it as a complex system of bioactive amino acids, lipids, and micronutrients that influence metabolic health, disease progression, and physiological adaptation. The narrative review by Barr et al. (2025) emphasizes that amino acids derived from red meat are […]
Introduction For many years, amino acids were viewed primarily as the building blocks of proteins. Their role in supporting muscle growth, tissue repair, and enzyme production was well established. However, modern nutritional immunology has revealed a much broader picture. Amino acids are now recognized as powerful regulators of immune function, influencing everything from antioxidant defense […]
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