Adipokinetic Hormone

Product Name:Adipokinetic Hormone

Form:TFA salt

Purity:95%

Storage:2-8 degree Celsius

Cas No:99886-31-4

Molar Mass:1008.1

Chemical Formula:C47H65N11O14

IUPAC Name:(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide

SMILES:C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)NCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]4CCC(=O)N4)O

InChIKey:JWRLBCPURJXBDR-FBTAWAAMSA-N

InChI:InChI=1S/C47H65N11O14/c1-23(2)16-31(52-41(66)30-14-15-37(64)51-30)42(67)57-38(24(3)61)46(71)54-32(17-26-10-6-5-7-11-26)43(68)58-39(25(4)62)47(72)56-35(22-60)45(70)55-34(21-59)44(69)53-33(40(65)50-20-36(48)63)18-27-19-49-29-13-9-8-12-28(27)29/h5-13,19,23-25,30-35,38-39,49,59-62H,14-18,20-22H2,1-4H3,(H2,48,63)(H,50,65)(H,51,64)(H,52,66)(H,53,69)(H,54,71)(H,55,70)(H,56,72)(H,57,67)(H,58,68)/t24-,25-,30+,31+,32+,33+,34+,35+,38+,39+/m1/s1

Sequence:Glp-Leu-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Ser-Trp-Gly-NH2

Application:Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH) is a peptide hormone primarily found in insects, where it regulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by mobilizing energy stores. Structurally similar to mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), AKH plays a crucial role in fueling flight and other energy-intensive activities by stimulating the release of diacylglycerol (DAG) and trehalose from fat body tissues. Research on AKH focuses on its potential applications in metabolic regulation, obesity studies, and insect physiology. As a key regulator of energy homeostasis, AKH is widely used in studies related to insect endocrinology, neuropeptide signaling, and potential pest control strategies targeting metabolic pathways.

Current Research:

Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH) is a neuropeptide hormone crucial for energy metabolism in insects, functioning similarly to glucagon and epinephrine in vertebrates. Its primary role is to mobilize lipid and carbohydrate reserves to meet the high-energy demands of activities such as flight, foraging, and stress responses. Research on AKH has expanded into multiple fields, including insect physiology, metabolic regulation, neuropeptide signaling, and pest control.

1. Role in Insect Metabolism and Energy Homeostasis
   AKH is produced by neurosecretory cells in the corpora cardiaca, a gland in insect endocrine systems. Upon secretion, it:

Stimulates lipolysis, leading to the release of diacylglycerol (DAG) from fat body stores, providing fuel for prolonged activities like flight.
Promotes the release of trehalose, a primary carbohydrate energy source in insects, ensuring sustained energy supply.
Acts as a stress hormone, triggering energy mobilization during starvation, temperature stress, and environmental challenges.
Recent studies have explored AKH analogs for potential applications in metabolic regulation and energy balance studies.

2. AKH and Neuroendocrine Signaling
   AKH is structurally related to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and corazonin, which are involved in neuropeptide signaling. This has led to investigations into:

Cross-talk between AKH and insulin-like peptides (ILPs), revealing its role in energy-sensing pathways similar to those in mammals.
Interactions with stress-response pathways, highlighting AKH’s role in adapting to metabolic demands under extreme conditions.
Research into AKH receptor pathways has opened new possibilities for manipulating insect metabolism for pest control.

3. AKH in Pest Control and Insecticide Development
   Because AKH regulates key metabolic processes, researchers are exploring ways to target AKH signaling for pest control. Potential applications include:

AKH receptor antagonists, which could disrupt normal metabolic function in insect pests.
Genetic modifications affecting AKH production, leading to reduced flight capability and lower survival rates in agricultural pests.
This approach is being investigated as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical insecticides.

4. AKH as a Model for Metabolic Disorders Research
   Comparative studies between AKH in insects and glucagon/epinephrine in mammals provide insights into lipid metabolism, obesity, and diabetes research. Investigations into AKH’s mechanisms have helped:

Understand energy balance regulation, with implications for metabolic syndrome research.
Explore AKH’s structural similarities to mammalian neuropeptides, shedding light on the evolution of hormonal energy control.
Conclusion
Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH) remains a key target in metabolic research, with applications in insect physiology, pest control, and comparative endocrinology. Its role in energy mobilization and stress adaptation continues to drive new discoveries in neuropeptide signaling and metabolic regulation, with potential implications for both biological control strategies and human metabolic disease studies.