C-Peptide, human

Product Name: C-Peptide, human

Sequence One Letter Code: EAEDLQVGQVELGGGPGAGSLQPLALEGSLQ

Sequence Three Letter Code: H-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu-Gln-Val-Gly-Gln-Val-Glu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ser-Leu-Gln-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Gly-Ser-Leu-Gln-OH

Cas No: 33017-11-7

Chemical Formula:C129H211N35O48

Molecular Weight: 3020.5

Purity: 95%

Form: Lyophilized

Storage Conditions: - 20 °C

Research Area: Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

SMILES: C[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H]2CCCN2C(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)N

IUPAC: (4S)-4-amino-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-4-amino-1-carboxy-4-oxobutyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid

INCHIKEY: VOUAQYXWVJDEQY-QENPJCQMSA-N

INCHI:

InChI=1S/C129H211N35O48/c1-58(2)42-77(155-113(195)74(31-39-102(184)185)151-127(209)105(65(15)16)162-114(196)71(25-32-88(131)167)145-95(174)54-141-126(208)104(64(13)14)161-115(197)72(26-33-89(132)168)150-118(200)80(45-61(7)8)156-121(203)83(48-103(186)187)159-112(194)73(30-38-101(182)183)148-107(189)67(18)143-109(191)69(130)24-36-99(178)179)111(193)138-50-93(172)135-49-92(171)136-55-98(177)163-40-20-22-86(163)124(206)140-51-94(173)142-66(17)106(188)137-52-96(175)146-84(56-165)122(204)157-81(46-62(9)10)119(201)152-75(27-34-90(133)169)128(210)164-41-21-23-87(164)125(207)160-78(43-59(3)4)116(198)144-68(19)108(190)154-79(44-60(5)6)117(199)149-70(29-37-100(180)181)110(192)139-53-97(176)147-85(57-166)123(205)158-82(47-63(11)12)120(202)153-76(129(211)212)28-35-91(134)170/h58-87,104-105,165-166H,20-57,130H2,1-19H3,(H2,131,167)(H2,132,168)(H2,133,169)(H2,134,170)(H,135,172)(H,136,171)(H,137,188)(H,138,193)(H,139,192)(H,140,206)(H,141,208)(H,142,173)(H,143,191)(H,144,198)(H,145,174)(H,146,175)(H,147,176)(H,148,189)(H,149,199)(H,150,200)(H,151,209)(H,152,201)(H,153,202)(H,154,190)(H,155,195)(H,156,203)(H,157,204)(H,158,205)(H,159,194)(H,160,207)(H,161,197)(H,162,196)(H,178,179)(H,180,181)(H,182,183)(H,184,185)(H,186,187)(H,211,212)/t66-,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,85-,86-,87-,104-,105-/m0/s1

Source / Species: human

Conjugation: Unconjugated

Code Nacres: NA.26

Application: C-Peptide, human, is a biologically active peptide released during proinsulin processing and secreted into circulation in equimolar amounts with insulin. It serves as a reliable biomarker of endogenous insulin production and pancreatic β-cell function. Due to its longer half-life compared with insulin, C-peptide measurement provides stable assessment of insulin secretion dynamics. Beyond its diagnostic utility, C-peptide exhibits distinct signaling activity through binding to specific cell surface sites, leading to Ca²⁺ influx and activation of intracellular pathways. These include phospholipase C, protein kinase C isoforms, RhoA, ERK1/2, JNK, and Akt signaling cascades. C-peptide has also been shown to stimulate Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. This peptide is widely applied in metabolic, renal, and diabetes research to investigate β-cell physiology, microvascular complications, and signaling mechanisms associated with insulin biosynthesis and glucose regulation.

Current Research: C-Peptide, human, is a 31-amino acid peptide generated during the proteolytic processing of proinsulin into insulin within pancreatic β cells. During insulin maturation, proinsulin is cleaved to release insulin and connecting peptide (C-peptide), which are subsequently secreted into the bloodstream in equimolar amounts. Because C-peptide and insulin are co-released but cleared through different mechanisms, C-peptide has become a widely accepted biomarker for assessing endogenous insulin production and β-cell functional capacity. Unlike insulin, which undergoes rapid hepatic first-pass metabolism, C-peptide is primarily cleared by the kidneys and exhibits a longer circulating half-life. This kinetic stability provides a more consistent measure of insulin secretion dynamics, particularly in clinical and research settings where accurate evaluation of pancreatic function is required. Measurement of C-peptide levels is commonly used to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, assess residual β-cell activity, and monitor therapeutic responses. Beyond its diagnostic value, C-peptide is increasingly recognized as a biologically active peptide with distinct signaling properties. Evidence indicates that C-peptide binds to specific cell surface sites, initiating intracellular signaling events. Upon receptor engagement, it can induce calcium influx and activate multiple downstream pathways, including phospholipase C and various protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Additional signaling cascades influenced by C-peptide include RhoA, ERK1/2, JNK, and Akt pathways, highlighting its involvement in cellular growth, survival, and cytoskeletal regulation. C-peptide has also been shown to stimulate Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, contributing to maintenance of cellular ion homeostasis. In vascular endothelial cells, it enhances endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, promoting nitric oxide production and supporting microvascular function. These effects suggest a role for C-peptide in modulating vascular tone and protecting against endothelial dysfunction. In diabetes research, C-peptide is extensively used to investigate β-cell physiology and insulin biosynthesis. Because it reflects endogenous insulin secretion without interference from exogenous insulin administration, it serves as a reliable indicator in both experimental and clinical studies. In addition, C-peptide has been studied for its potential protective effects in microvascular complications associated with diabetes, including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Experimental models suggest that C-peptide supplementation may mitigate some of the vascular and neural deficits observed in insulin-deficient states. The peptide is also relevant in renal physiology research, given its clearance through the kidneys and its reported effects on renal microcirculation and tubular function. Studies examining C-peptide signaling pathways provide insight into mechanisms linking metabolic dysregulation with organ-specific complications. Overall, C-Peptide, human, is a multifunctional peptide that serves both as a robust biomarker of pancreatic β-cell function and as an active signaling molecule. Its stable circulation profile, defined physiological origin, and involvement in intracellular signaling pathways make it an important tool in metabolic, endocrine, and diabetes-related research. By supporting investigation of insulin secretion dynamics and downstream cellular effects, C-peptide continues to contribute to a deeper understanding of glucose regulation and metabolic disease pathophysiology.