VIP, human, porcine, rat, FAM-labeled

Product Name: VIP, human, porcine, rat, FAM-labeled

Sequence One Letter Code: FAM-HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN-NH2

Sequence Three Letter Code: FAM-His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2

Chemical Formula:C168H244N44O48S1

Molecular Weight: 3684.3

Purity: 95%

Form: Lyophilized

Storage Conditions: - 20 °C Protected from light

Research Area: Inflammation and Immunology Research

Source / Species: Human, Porcine

Conjugation: Conjugated

Conjugation Type: Fluorescent dyes

Code Nacres: NA.26

Application: FAM-labeled VIP is a fluorescently tagged form of the 28–amino acid neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide, conserved across human, porcine, and rat sequences. VIP functions as a neurotransmitter and immunomodulatory mediator within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Conjugation with fluorescein (Ex 492 nm, Em 518 nm) enables direct visualization and quantitative analysis in receptor binding, internalization, and signaling assays. This labeled peptide supports investigations into VIP receptor pharmacology, neuroprotective signaling, smooth muscle regulation, and inflammation-related pathways.

Current Research: FAM-labeled VIP is a fluorescently conjugated form of the 28–amino acid neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a highly conserved signaling molecule across human, porcine, and rat sequences. VIP functions as a multifunctional neuropeptide acting in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where it regulates neurotransmission, smooth muscle tone, endocrine secretion, and immune responses. Covalent attachment of fluorescein (FAM) confers excitation and emission maxima of approximately 492 nm and 518 nm, respectively, enabling direct fluorescence-based detection. This modification allows real-time visualization and quantitative analysis of VIP interactions in receptor binding, internalization, and downstream signaling assays. Biological Context VIP exerts its physiological effects primarily through two class B G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs): VPAC1 (VIPR1) VPAC2 (VIPR2) Upon receptor engagement, VIP activates: Adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production PKA signaling cascades MAPK/ERK pathways Calcium-dependent signaling events Through these pathways, VIP influences: Neuroprotection and neuronal survival Smooth muscle relaxation Vasodilation and cardiovascular regulation Cytokine modulation and anti-inflammatory responses Because of its broad physiological relevance, VIP signaling is implicated in neurological disorders, inflammatory diseases, asthma, and metabolic regulation. Functional Advantages of FAM Labeling Fluorescent tagging with FAM enables: Direct detection without secondary antibodies Compatibility with standard FITC filter sets Quantitative measurement via fluorescence spectroscopy Visualization by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry Importantly, labeled VIP can be used in competitive binding formats to assess ligand–receptor interactions and receptor occupancy. Research Applications 1. Receptor Binding Assays FAM-VIP serves as a tracer ligand in competitive displacement assays to determine binding affinity (Kd) and evaluate small-molecule or peptide antagonists targeting VPAC receptors. 2. Receptor Internalization and Trafficking Fluorescent detection allows monitoring of ligand-induced receptor internalization and recycling in live-cell imaging systems. This is particularly valuable for studying GPCR desensitization and trafficking dynamics. 3. Signal Transduction Analysis By correlating fluorescence-based binding with downstream signaling readouts (e.g., cAMP accumulation, ERK phosphorylation), researchers can dissect receptor activation mechanisms and ligand bias. 4. Neuroprotective and Inflammatory Studies FAM-VIP supports mechanistic investigations of VIP-mediated neuroprotection, modulation of glial activation, smooth muscle regulation, and cytokine suppression in immune cell models. Experimental Considerations The position of the FAM conjugation may influence receptor binding kinetics or potency; validation against native VIP is recommended when quantitative pharmacological parameters are required. Optimal working concentrations should be empirically determined based on receptor expression levels and assay sensitivity. Light-sensitive handling conditions are advisable to preserve fluorophore stability.