Adipokinetic Hormone G

Product Name:Adipokinetic Hormone G

Form:TFA salt

Purity:95%

Storage:2-8 degree Celsius

Cas No:113800-65-0

Molar Mass:920

Chemical Formula:C43H57N11O12

IUPAC Name:(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]-2-[[(2S)-3-methyl-2-[[(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]butanediamide

SMILES:C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]4CCC(=O)N4)O

InChIKey:ZEFDDGDBQYNXBK-OCVFHUKVSA-N

InChI:InChI=1S/C43H57N11O12/c1-21(2)35(53-38(61)27-13-14-33(58)48-27)43(66)51-30(17-32(44)57)40(63)50-29(15-23-9-5-4-6-10-23)39(62)52-31(20-55)41(64)54-36(22(3)56)42(65)47-19-34(59)49-28(37(45)60)16-24-18-46-26-12-8-7-11-25(24)26/h4-12,18,21-22,27-31,35-36,46,55-56H,13-17,19-20H2,1-3H3,(H2,44,57)(H2,45,60)(H,47,65)(H,48,58)(H,49,59)(H,50,63)(H,51,66)(H,52,62)(H,53,61)(H,54,64)/t22-,27+,28+,29+,30+,31+,35+,36+/m1/s1

Sequence:Glp-Val-Asn-Phe-Ser-Thr-Gly-Trp-NH2

Application:Adipokinetic Hormone G (AKH-G) is a neuropeptide that regulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in insects, playing a crucial role in energy mobilization during flight, stress, and fasting. Secreted by the corpora cardiaca, AKH-G stimulates the breakdown of triacylglycerol (TAG) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and increases trehalose levels in hemolymph, ensuring sustained energy supply. Structurally, it is a variant of the AKH peptide family, with species-specific differences affecting metabolic efficiency. AKH-G is widely studied for its role in insect physiology, neuropeptide signaling, and potential pest control applications, making it a key target in energy regulation and metabolic adaptation research.

Current Research:Adipokinetic Hormone G (AKH-G) is an important neuropeptide that regulates energy homeostasis in insects, ensuring the mobilization of lipid and carbohydrate reserves during flight, starvation, and stress responses. As an AKH variant, AKH-G exhibits species-specific variations that influence its binding affinity to AKH receptors and its effectiveness in energy metabolism. Current research explores its role in insect metabolism, neuroendocrine interactions, and its potential as a target for pest control strategies. 1. Role in Insect Metabolism and Flight Energy Regulation AKH-G is released from the corpora cardiaca in response to increased energy demands, triggering: Lipid mobilization by breaking down triacylglycerol (TAG) into diacylglycerol (DAG), the primary energy source for prolonged flight. Carbohydrate regulation, increasing trehalose levels to maintain blood sugar balance in hemolymph. Activation of AKH receptors, initiating metabolic cascades that enhance ATP production for sustained energy output. Studies suggest AKH-G exhibits a stronger affinity for certain AKH receptors, which may make it more effective in energy mobilization compared to other AKH isoforms in specific insect species. 2. AKH-G in Neuroendocrine Regulation and Stress Response As a neuropeptide, AKH-G interacts with other metabolic regulators such as: Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which work in opposition to AKH-G by promoting energy storage. Octopamine and dopamine, neurotransmitters that enhance locomotion and stress adaptation alongside AKH-G. Neuropeptide F (NPF), which influences feeding behavior in response to energy depletion. Understanding these interactions helps researchers uncover how AKH-G coordinates metabolic responses in different environmental conditions. 3. AKH-G as a Target for Pest Control and Insecticide Research Given its role in energy metabolism, AKH-G is being investigated as a potential target for pest control. Scientists are developing: AKH receptor blockers, which would prevent proper lipid mobilization, reducing insect flight capability and endurance. RNA interference (RNAi) strategies to disrupt AKH-G expression, leading to energy deficits in insect pests. These strategies offer an eco-friendly alternative to conventional pesticides, specifically targeting insect metabolism without harming beneficial species. 4. Evolutionary and Comparative Studies AKH peptides, including AKH-G, are structurally related to glucagon and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in vertebrates. Comparative research focuses on: The evolution of energy-regulating hormones across insect species. Potential applications of AKH-like peptides in vertebrate metabolism studies. Such insights contribute to broader studies on hormonal energy balance and metabolic diseases. Conclusion Adipokinetic Hormone G (AKH-G) is a key regulator of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in insects, playing a vital role in energy mobilization, neuropeptide signaling, and stress adaptation. Research continues to explore its applications in insect physiology, metabolic regulation, and pest control, making it an important target in endocrinology, evolutionary biology, and agricultural biotechnology.