Adipokinetic Hormone II

Product Name:Adipokinetic Hormone II

Form:TFA salt

Purity:95%

Storage:2-8 degree Celsius

Cas No:98968-94-6

Molar Mass:904

Chemical Formula:C43H57N11O11

IUPAC Name:N-[1-[[1-[[1-[[2-[[1-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]-2-[[4-methyl-2-[(5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)amino]pentanoyl]amino]butanediamide

SMILES:CC(C)CC(C(=O)NC(CC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C32)C(=O)N)NC(=O)C4CCC(=O)N4

InChIKey:KMVRKMSUXFKTDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI:InChI=1S/C43H57N11O11/c1-22(2)15-30(51-39(61)28-13-14-35(57)49-28)40(62)53-32(18-34(44)56)42(64)52-31(16-24-9-5-4-6-10-24)41(63)54-33(21-55)43(65)48-23(3)38(60)47-20-36(58)50-29(37(45)59)17-25-19-46-27-12-8-7-11-26(25)27/h4-12,19,22-23,28-33,46,55H,13-18,20-21H2,1-3H3,(H2,44,56)(H2,45,59)(H,47,60)(H,48,65)(H,49,57)(H,50,58)(H,51,61)(H,52,64)(H,53,62)(H,54,63)

Sequence:Glp-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Ala-Gly-Trp-NH2

Application:Adipokinetic Hormone II (AKH-II) is a neuropeptide found in insects, regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by mobilizing stored energy during flight, stress, and starvation. It belongs to the AKH family, which functions similarly to glucagon and epinephrine in vertebrates. AKH-II is secreted from the corpora cardiaca and promotes the release of diacylglycerol (DAG) and trehalose from fat body tissues, ensuring sustained energy supply. Research on AKH-II focuses on insect physiology, metabolic adaptation, and neuropeptide signaling, with applications in pest control, energy metabolism studies, and evolutionary endocrinology. Its role in stress adaptation and energy balance makes it essential in metabolic research.

Current Research:

Adipokinetic Hormone II (AKH-II) is a key metabolic hormone in insects, regulating energy mobilization, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate homeostasis. It is one of several AKH isoforms, differing slightly in amino acid composition, which affects its interaction with AKH receptors and its efficiency in mobilizing energy stores. Studies on AKH-II have advanced our understanding of insect energy balance, neuroendocrine regulation, and potential pest control strategies.

1. Role in Insect Metabolism and Energy Homeostasis
   AKH-II is synthesized and secreted from the corpora cardiaca, an insect endocrine organ, in response to flight, starvation, or environmental stress. Once released, it:

Stimulates lipid mobilization, promoting the breakdown of triacylglycerol (TAG) into diacylglycerol (DAG), which serves as the primary fuel for prolonged flight.
Increases trehalose release, maintaining stable blood sugar levels for high-energy demands.
Activates AKH receptors, triggering metabolic pathways that enhance energy utilization during flight and stress.
Recent studies suggest that AKH-II’s potency may differ across insect species, influencing their ability to sustain energy-intensive activities.

2. AKH-II and Neuroendocrine Interactions
   AKH-II interacts with other metabolic hormones and neuropeptides, playing a central role in energy regulation. It has been linked to:

Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which counteract AKH activity to promote energy storage.
Octopamine, a neurotransmitter that works alongside AKH-II to enhance locomotion and stress responses.
Neuropeptide F (NPF), influencing feeding behavior and energy allocation.
Understanding how AKH-II coordinates with other metabolic regulators provides insights into neuroendocrine control of energy balance in insects.

3. Applications in Pest Control and Insecticide Research
   Because AKH-II is critical for energy mobilization, it is a promising target for pest control strategies. Researchers are exploring:

AKH receptor antagonists, which could impair fat mobilization, reducing insect endurance and flight ability.
Genetic modifications targeting AKH pathways, potentially leading to disruptions in energy metabolism in pests.
These approaches offer an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical insecticides, specifically targeting pest metabolism without affecting beneficial insects.

4. Evolutionary and Comparative Endocrinology
   AKH-II and other AKH variants share structural similarities with vertebrate hormones like glucagon and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Comparative studies focus on:

How AKH signaling evolved across different insect species.
The potential for AKH-like peptides in vertebrates, offering new models for studying metabolic regulation.
These studies contribute to broader research on hormonal energy balance and metabolic disorders in animals.

Conclusion
Adipokinetic Hormone II (AKH-II) plays a central role in energy metabolism, neuroendocrine signaling, and stress adaptation in insects. Its functions in lipid and carbohydrate mobilization make it a crucial target in pest control, metabolic research, and comparative endocrinology. Ongoing studies continue to explore its applications in insect physiology, evolutionary biology, and neuropeptide regulation, reinforcing its importance in biological and biomedical research.