Angiotensin II

Product Name: Angiotensin II

Sequence One Letter Code: DRVYIHPF

Sequence Three Letter Code: H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-OH

Cas No: 4474-91-3

Chemical Formula:C50H71N13O12

Molecular Weight: 1046.2

Purity: 95%

Form: Lyophilized

Storage Conditions: - 20 °C

Research Area: Cardiovascular Disease Research

SMILES: CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)N

IUPAC: (3S)-3-amino-4-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid

INCHIKEY: CZGUSIXMZVURDU-JZXHSEFVSA-N

INCHI:

InChI=1S/C50H71N13O12/c1-5-28(4)41(47(72)59-36(23-31-25-54-26-56-31)48(73)63-20-10-14-38(63)45(70)60-37(49(74)75)22-29-11-7-6-8-12-29)62-44(69)35(21-30-15-17-32(64)18-16-30)58-46(71)40(27(2)3)61-43(68)34(13-9-19-55-50(52)53)57-42(67)33(51)24-39(65)66/h6-8,11-12,15-18,25-28,33-38,40-41,64H,5,9-10,13-14,19-24,51H2,1-4H3,(H,54,56)(H,57,67)(H,58,71)(H,59,72)(H,60,70)(H,61,68)(H,62,69)(H,65,66)(H,74,75)(H4,52,53,55)/t28-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,40-,41-/m0/s1

Source / Species: human

Conjugation: Unconjugated

Code Nacres: NA.26

Application: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a biologically active octapeptide and a central effector of the renin–angiotensin system. It is generated from angiotensin I through cleavage by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or alternative enzymes such as chymase, particularly in cardiac tissue. Ang II regulates blood pressure and fluid balance primarily through vasoconstriction and aldosterone stimulation. In addition to its systemic endocrine effects, it acts locally within tissues to influence cellular processes including proliferation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. Ang II is widely used in cardiovascular research to investigate vascular function, receptor signaling, and mechanisms underlying hypertension, remodeling, and inflammatory responses associated with cardiovascular disease.

Current Research: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a bioactive octapeptide hormone and the principal effector of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), a key regulatory network controlling blood pressure, fluid balance, and vascular function. It is generated from angiotensin I (Ang I) through proteolytic cleavage by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), with additional contributions from alternative enzymes such as chymase, particularly in cardiac and vascular tissues. Due to its potent physiological and pathological effects, Ang II is widely used in research to study vascular biology, receptor signaling, and mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. Formation and Enzymatic Pathways Ang II production begins with the conversion of angiotensinogen to Ang I by renin. Ang I is then processed into Ang II primarily by ACE, which removes two amino acids from the C-terminus. In addition to ACE, chymase-mediated cleavage provides an alternative pathway for Ang II generation, especially in tissues such as the heart and blood vessels. This highlights the presence of tissue-specific RAS activity, where local Ang II production can occur independently of circulating pathways. Mechanisms of Action Ang II exerts its biological effects mainly through binding to angiotensin II receptors, particularly: AT1 receptor (AT1R) – mediates most classical effects AT2 receptor (AT2R) – involved in counter-regulatory and tissue-protective functions Activation of AT1R triggers multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including: Calcium mobilization and smooth muscle contraction Activation of protein kinases and transcription factors Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) These pathways collectively influence vascular tone, hormone secretion, and cellular responses. Role in Blood Pressure and Fluid Regulation Ang II is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors in the human body. Its primary physiological functions include: Constriction of blood vessels, increasing systemic vascular resistance Stimulation of aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex, promoting sodium and water retention Enhancement of renal sodium reabsorption Activation of sympathetic nervous system activity These coordinated effects lead to increased blood pressure and circulating blood volume, making Ang II essential for maintaining hemodynamic stability. Local (Tissue) Effects and Cellular Functions Beyond its systemic endocrine role, Ang II also acts locally within tissues as a paracrine and autocrine signaling molecule. In these contexts, it regulates a range of cellular processes, including: Cell proliferation and hypertrophy Fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling Apoptosis and cell survival pathways Inflammatory signaling and cytokine production These local effects are particularly important in the development of cardiovascular and renal pathology. Applications in Cardiovascular Research Ang II is extensively used as a model peptide in studies of vascular function and disease mechanisms. Its well-defined biological activity makes it a valuable tool for investigating both physiological and pathological processes. Common research applications include: Vascular reactivity studies examining vasoconstriction mechanisms Receptor signaling assays involving AT1R and AT2R Hypertension models in cellular and animal systems Investigation of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis Studies of inflammation and oxidative stress pathways These applications help clarify how Ang II contributes to normal cardiovascular regulation and disease progression. Role in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Dysregulation of Ang II signaling is a major contributor to hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. Chronic elevation of Ang II can lead to: Persistent vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis Vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction Enhanced inflammatory responses Because of these effects, Ang II is a central focus in research on heart failure, atherosclerosis, and kidney disease. A Fundamental Tool for Studying RAS and Vascular Biology Angiotensin II serves as a cornerstone molecule for understanding the renin–angiotensin system and its impact on cardiovascular physiology. Its dual role as both a systemic hormone and a local signaling factor makes it uniquely important for studying complex interactions between hemodynamics, cellular signaling, and tissue remodeling. Through its widespread use in experimental models, Ang II continues to support advances in understanding blood pressure regulation, vascular function, and the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease.