Adipokinetic Hormone (Taa-AKH)

Product Name:Adipokinetic Hormone (Taa-AKH)

Purity:95%

Storage:2-8 degree Celsius

Cas No:125666-75-3

Molar Mass:931.1

Chemical Formula:C46H62N10O11

IUPAC Name:(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide

SMILES:C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC3=CNC4=CC=CC=C43)C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]5CCC(=O)N5)O

InChIKey:DYARVOBLSMKKFY-FIUAKXNFSA-N

InChI:InChI=1S/C46H62N10O11/c1-24(2)19-33(52-41(62)31-16-17-36(59)50-31)42(63)54-38(25(3)57)45(66)53-34(20-27-11-6-5-7-12-27)43(64)55-39(26(4)58)46(67)56-18-10-15-35(56)44(65)49-23-37(60)51-32(40(47)61)21-28-22-48-30-14-9-8-13-29(28)30/h5-9,11-14,22,24-26,31-35,38-39,48,57-58H,10,15-21,23H2,1-4H3,(H2,47,61)(H,49,65)(H,50,59)(H,51,60)(H,52,62)(H,53,66)(H,54,63)(H,55,64)/t25-,26-,31+,32+,33+,34+,35+,38+,39+/m1/s1

Sequence:Glp-Leu-Thr-Phe-Thr-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2

Application:Adipokinetic Hormone (Taa-AKH) is a neuropeptide found in Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm beetle) that regulates energy mobilization during flight, stress, and fasting. As part of the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) family, Taa-AKH stimulates the release of diacylglycerol (DAG) and trehalose from fat body stores, providing a rapid energy source. Secreted by the corpora cardiaca, this peptide plays a crucial role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Research on Taa-AKH focuses on insect physiology, neuropeptide signaling, and metabolic regulation, with potential applications in pest control, energy homeostasis studies, and evolutionary endocrinology. Its role in stress adaptation and metabolic efficiency makes it a key target in insect research.

Current Research:Adipokinetic Hormone (Taa-AKH) is a crucial metabolic regulator in Tenebrio molitor, a widely studied beetle species. As part of the AKH family, it plays a fundamental role in mobilizing stored energy by activating lipid and carbohydrate breakdown pathways. Taa-AKH research provides insights into insect energy metabolism, neuropeptide interactions, and potential pest control applications. 1. Role in Insect Metabolism and Energy Mobilization Taa-AKH is synthesized in the corpora cardiaca, a major insect neuroendocrine organ, and released in response to energy demands, such as: Flight and locomotion, where rapid energy release is required. Starvation, ensuring survival by utilizing stored lipid and sugar reserves. Environmental stress, including extreme temperatures or toxic exposures. Upon activation, Taa-AKH: Stimulates lipid mobilization, converting stored triacylglycerol (TAG) into diacylglycerol (DAG), which serves as a primary energy source. Increases trehalose levels, maintaining stable blood sugar for continuous energy supply. Activates AKH receptors, triggering metabolic pathways that enhance ATP production. Recent studies suggest Taa-AKH has species-specific metabolic efficiency, influencing how Tenebrio molitor adapts to its environment. 2. Neuroendocrine Interactions and Energy Balance Taa-AKH interacts with multiple neurohormonal systems, including: Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which counterbalance AKH activity by promoting energy storage. Octopamine, a neurotransmitter that works with Taa-AKH to enhance insect activity and stress adaptation. Neuropeptide F (NPF), which links feeding behavior to energy metabolism. These interactions help regulate energy balance, stress adaptation, and developmental processes, making Taa-AKH a key focus in insect endocrinology. 3. Applications in Pest Control and Insecticide Development As a major regulator of insect energy metabolism, Taa-AKH is being explored for its potential in pest management strategies: AKH receptor antagonists could impair lipid mobilization, reducing flight ability and survival rates in pests. RNA interference (RNAi) techniques targeting Taa-AKH could disrupt metabolic processes, offering a species-specific pest control solution. By selectively disrupting energy metabolism, these methods present an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. 4. Evolutionary and Comparative Endocrinology Studies Taa-AKH is part of a broader family of AKH peptides, which are structurally related to vertebrate glucagon and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Research has focused on: Evolutionary conservation of AKH signaling, comparing its function across insect species. Potential parallels with vertebrate metabolic hormones, contributing to studies on obesity, energy homeostasis, and metabolic disorders. Conclusion Adipokinetic Hormone (Taa-AKH) is a key regulator of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in Tenebrio molitor, playing an essential role in energy mobilization, neuroendocrine regulation, and stress adaptation. Ongoing research continues to explore its applications in insect physiology, metabolic studies, and pest control, making it an important target in endocrinology, evolutionary biology, and agricultural biotechnology.