Angiotensin II, human, TAMRA-labeled

Product Name: Angiotensin II, human, TAMRA-labeled

Sequence One Letter Code: TAMRA-DRVYIHPF

Sequence Three Letter Code: TAMRA-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-OH

Chemical Formula:C79H95ClN16O18

Molecular Weight: 1458.7

Purity: 95%

Form: Lyophilized

Storage Conditions: - 20 °C Protected from light

Research Area: Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

Source / Species: human

Conjugation: Conjugated

Conjugation Type: Fluorescent dyes

Code Nacres: NA.26

Application: TAMRA-labeled Angiotensin II is a fluorescently tagged version of the human octapeptide hormone angiotensin II, a key regulator of cardiovascular physiology. Angiotensin II plays essential roles in vasoconstriction, blood pressure regulation, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis, and is also involved in cellular processes such as proliferation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. Conjugation with the TAMRA fluorophore enables visualization and quantitative analysis of peptide–receptor interactions in fluorescence-based assays. TAMRA-Angiotensin II is widely used to study receptor binding, receptor internalization, and downstream signaling pathways associated with the renin–angiotensin system. This labeled peptide is particularly useful in cardiovascular research, imaging studies, and investigations of angiotensin receptor trafficking and signaling dynamics.

Current Research: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a central peptide hormone in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), a regulatory network that controls blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis. As an octapeptide produced through enzymatic cleavage of angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II exerts powerful physiological effects, including vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and cardiovascular remodeling. Because of its importance in cardiovascular physiology and disease, angiotensin II has been extensively studied in both biochemical and cellular systems. To facilitate direct visualization and quantitative analysis of angiotensin receptor interactions, researchers frequently use TAMRA-labeled Angiotensin II, a fluorescently tagged derivative of the native peptide. In this construct, the peptide is conjugated to TAMRA (tetramethylrhodamine), a bright red fluorophore that enables detection through fluorescence microscopy and other imaging techniques. This modification allows scientists to track ligand–receptor binding events and intracellular trafficking processes in real time. Angiotensin II and the Renin–Angiotensin System The renin–angiotensin system plays a critical role in regulating vascular tone, blood pressure, and fluid balance. Angiotensin II functions as the principal effector molecule within this system and interacts with specific cell-surface receptors to initiate signaling pathways that influence cardiovascular and renal physiology. Two primary receptors mediate the biological effects of angiotensin II: Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) These receptors belong to the G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) family and activate intracellular signaling cascades that regulate vascular contraction, hormone secretion, and cellular growth responses. Because abnormal activation of these pathways is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, understanding angiotensin receptor signaling is a major focus of biomedical research. Fluorescent Labeling with TAMRA The incorporation of tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) provides angiotensin II with strong fluorescent properties that enable detection using fluorescence-based techniques. TAMRA is widely used in biological assays because it offers: High fluorescence intensity Photostability suitable for imaging experiments Compatibility with common fluorescence microscopy systems Emission in the red spectrum, which reduces background interference By attaching TAMRA to angiotensin II, researchers create a probe that retains receptor-binding capability while allowing direct visualization of ligand–receptor interactions in living cells or biochemical assays. Studying Receptor Binding and Ligand Dynamics One of the primary uses of TAMRA–Angiotensin II is in receptor binding assays. These experiments allow researchers to evaluate how angiotensin II interacts with its receptors and how different conditions influence ligand affinity and receptor activation. Fluorescently labeled angiotensin II can be used to: Monitor binding kinetics to angiotensin receptors Measure ligand–receptor affinity Perform competitive binding assays with other ligands Quantify receptor expression levels in cells Because fluorescence signals can be detected with high sensitivity, TAMRA-labeled peptides are particularly useful in high-resolution receptor studies. Investigating Receptor Internalization and Trafficking Another important application of TAMRA–Angiotensin II involves studying receptor internalization and intracellular trafficking. After ligand binding, many GPCRs—including angiotensin receptors—undergo internalization, a process in which the receptor–ligand complex is transported into the cell. Using fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry, researchers can track the movement of TAMRA–Angiotensin II and observe: Receptor activation and internalization events Endosomal trafficking of receptor–ligand complexes Recycling or degradation of receptors after activation Spatial distribution of angiotensin receptors within cells These experiments provide insight into the dynamic regulation of GPCR signaling. Applications in Cardiovascular and Cellular Signaling Research Because angiotensin II influences multiple physiological processes, TAMRA-labeled Angiotensin II is widely applied in studies examining cardiovascular biology and cellular signaling mechanisms. Researchers use this fluorescent probe to investigate pathways associated with: Vascular contraction and endothelial signaling Cellular proliferation and hypertrophy Fibrosis and tissue remodeling Apoptosis and inflammatory responses These processes are central to many cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and vascular disease. Use in Imaging and Fluorescence-Based Assays Fluorescent peptides such as TAMRA–Angiotensin II are valuable tools in advanced imaging techniques. The fluorescent signal enables researchers to visualize receptor interactions at the cellular level and perform quantitative analyses of ligand behavior. Typical experimental approaches include: Confocal fluorescence microscopy Live-cell imaging studies Flow cytometry–based receptor analysis Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays These methods allow scientists to study receptor dynamics and signaling pathways with high spatial and temporal resolution. Conclusion TAMRA–Angiotensin II is a fluorescently labeled derivative of the endogenous hormone angiotensin II, designed to enable visualization of ligand–receptor interactions within the renin–angiotensin system. By conjugating the peptide with the TAMRA fluorophore, researchers gain the ability to track receptor binding, internalization, and intracellular signaling events through fluorescence-based methods. This labeled peptide has become an important experimental tool in cardiovascular research, receptor pharmacology, and molecular imaging studies. Its ability to reveal dynamic aspects of angiotensin receptor signaling makes TAMRA–Angiotensin II particularly valuable for advancing understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate vascular function, blood pressure control, and cardiovascular disease pathways.